How to Improve Your English Spelling

How to Improve Your English Spelling How to Improve Your English Spelling How to Improve Your English Spelling By Michael Addyson, a sixth grader who loves to write, asks, How can I learn to spell better? Thats certainly a worthy question, and over the years, weve given many suggestions for better spelling. I Before E, Except After C How Do I Become a Better Speller? Five Spelling Rules for â€Å"Silent Final E† The Six Spellings of â€Å"Long E† The Eight Spellings of â€Å"Long O† The Spellings of â€Å"Shun† But when young writers ask for advice on spelling or grammar, I always emphasize something else first. Spelling is not writing. Grammar is not writing. Writing is saying, in the clearest way you can, whats on your mind or in your heart. Despite what your teachers may be saying, poor spelling does not keep you from great writing. How do I know? Because people with dyslexia or dysgraphia have become successful authors, including Agatha Christie, John Irving, Avi, Jeanne Betancourt, and Fannie Flagg. And some of the most important writers of modern times couldnt spell. The greatest poor spellers Ernest Hemingway His reply when his newspaper editors complained about his bad spelling: Well, thats what youre hired to correct! He must have not been paying attention in school the day his teacher said, Drop the e and add ing, because he often spelled loveing and moveing. He often used and when he could have used a comma. He still got a Nobel Prize for Literature. F. Scott Fitzgerald His editors had to correct hundreds of spelling mistakes in The Great Gatsby, such as yatch, apon, definate, and critisism. He couldnt even remember how to spell the name of his best friend, who was Ernest Hemingway. One critic wrote, I have said that This Side of Paradise commits almost every sin that a novel can possibly commit: but it does not commit the unpardonable sin: it does not fail to live. William Butler Yeats He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923, but he got poor spelling grades on his report cards, for words such as â€Å"feal† and â€Å"sleap. Unfortunately, his handwriting and spelling counted against him when his essays were graded, though he did well when he could read them aloud. He also had a habit of forgetting his school books. Winston Churchill Works such as the four-volume A History of the English-Speaking Peoples led to the 1953 Nobel Prize for Literature. But a childhood report card said, Writing is good, but terribly slow - spelling about as bad as it well can be. William Faulkner One editor remarked on his misspellings, faulty punctuation and accidental repetition. Before achieving the literary fame that led to the 1949 Nobel Prize, he worked two years as University of Mississippis postmaster in a stream-of-consciousness sort of way, editing the mail by throwing it out if he didnt consider it important. Jane Austen Her misspellings included â€Å"scissars† and at age 15, she titled a novel Love and Freindship (remember, I before E except after C). Later editors tamed her spelling, punctuation, and grammar, but according to Oxford University English professor Kathryn Sutherland, a new study of 1,100 handwritten pages of Austens unpublished manuscripts shows she had a better gift for dialogue than anyone had suspected, when editors didnt mess it up. The best way to learn spelling One reason that spelling in English can be so difficult is that our words come from so many different languages with different spelling rules. Thats why spelling bees can be so competitive. Spanish schools dont have spelling bees. Why bother? Spanish is always written phonetically, so any native Spanish-speaking child can correctly spell anything they can write. This is not true of English. The best way to learn to spell better depends on your own learning style. If you learn by hearing, spell words out loud, or have someone else do it for you. Sing the letters. Listen to the rhythm, and you may sense the rules behind them. Teach someone else. If you learn kinesically; that is, by movement, tracing words on paper or in the air may cement their correct spelling in your memory. Typing them will help too. If you learn by seeing, the more you read, the more your spelling will improve. Using a keyboard will help. Seeing what you just typed appearing neatly on the screen may trigger your right/wrong sensors more reliably than trying to read your handwriting. If you learn logically, organize your word lists by rule or family. Not all logic is verbal, and you can sharpen your unconscious spelling sense simply by putting all the words together that end with ed or start with eu. Strategies for better spelling It helps to learn basic spelling rules, but dont worry if you still make mistakes. After a two year study, Stanford University researchers determined that you would need more than 650 rules to correctly spell the 20,000 most common words in the English language. If you learned 300 rules, you might be able to spell half of them. Learn to spell words according to families; that is, in groups of similarly spelled words. In a spelling bee, to make the competition harder, the judges make sure that every word is different from the next. But learning to spell is not a competition, so spelling lists should be as easy to learn as possible with each word similar to the next. In a few minutes, a child can learn to spell take, rake, make, lake, bake, cake, sake, and wake. So when you study patriarch, you may as well learn arch, archive, archaic, architecture, archipelago, and archaeology at the same time. Simply seeing arch on that list might be enough reminder to spell the others correctly. Besides, getting question after question right makes a student feel good. Learn to spell words according to their etymology; that is, according to their language of origin. Many Arabic words begin with al (meaning the) while many Hebrew names end with el (meaning God). In words that came from Greek, the f sound is spelled ph. If you remember those word origins, you will never spell algebra as elgebra, Michael as Micheal, or photograph as fotograf. Though some people may judge you for your mistakes, success in life doesnt depend on good spelling. Fortunately, spellcheckers and friends can help. But when opponents criticized Andrew Jacksons spelling, the future U.S. President retorted, Its a poor mind that can think of only one way to spell a word. 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Levels of Taxonomy Used in Biology

Levels of Taxonomy Used in Biology Taxonomy is the practice of categorizing and naming of species. The official scientific name of an organism consists of its Genus and its Species Identifier in a naming system called binomial nomenclature. The Work of Carolus Linnaeus The current taxonomic system gets its roots from the work of Carolus Linnaeus in the early 1700s. Before Linnaeus set up the rules of the two-word naming system, species had long and unwieldy Latin polynomials that were inconsistent and inconvenient for scientists when communicating with each other or even the public. While Linnaeuss original system had many fewer levels than the modern system has today, it was still an excellent place to start to organize all of life into similar categories for easier classification. He used the  structure and function of body parts, mostly, to classify the organisms. Thanks to advances in technology and understanding the evolutionary relationships among species, we have been able to update the practice to get the most accurate classification system possible. The Taxonomic Classification System The modern taxonomic classification system has eight main levels (from most inclusive to most exclusive): Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Identifier. Every different species has a unique species identifier and the more closely a species is related to it on the evolutionary tree of life, it will be included in a more inclusive group with the species being classified. (Note: An easier way to remember the order of these levels is to use a mnemonic device to remember the first letter of each word in order. The one we use is Do Keep Pond Clean Or Fish Get Sick) Domain A domain is the most inclusive of the levels (meaning it has the most number of individuals in the group). Domains are used to distinguish between the cell types and, in the case of prokaryotes, where they are found and what the cell walls are made of. The current system recognizes three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Kingdom Domains are further broken into Kingdoms. The current system recognizes six Kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista. Phylum The next division would be the phylum. Class Several related classes make up a phylum. Order Classes are further divided into Orders. Family The next level of classification that orders are divided into are Families. Genus A genus is a group of closely related species. The genus name is the first part of the scientific name of an organism. Species Identifier Each species has a unique identifier that describes only that species. It is the second word in the two-word naming system of the scientific name of a species.